Freeze-Drying Microscopy
Method Introduction
Freeze-drying microscopy (FDM) is a highly valuable technique for studying the behavior of a formulation during freeze-drying and for determining critical product temperatures.
FDM works like a miniature freeze-dryer. Liquid nitrogen freezes the sample inside a small microscope chamber. While applying a vacuum, the temperature gradually increases, and the sample dries. A microscope observes and records the sublimation front during this temperature ramp. Changes in the dried layer can be used to determine the state of the system (amorphous or crystalline) and the collapse temperature of the sample.
Applications
FDM is mainly employed during lyophilization process and formulation development, where it is combined with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to determine optimal freeze-drying conditions.
Quality and Biosafety Level
We provide all our analytical services with the highest quality standards. Experienced scientists carry out each project, and a scientific reviewer comprehensively checks every report or data presentation.
We offer this technology with the following quality and biosafety levels:
R&D level
We offer this method under R&D. Our GRP system assures the highest-quality research standards.
Up to biosafety level 1
This method can be applied to proteins, nucleic acids, and most viral vectors, including AAVs and more.
Analytical Method Development, Qualification and Validation
For common sample types, we can often apply standardized methods with little setup effort. However, when needed, our experienced analytical experts create or optimize custom methods tailored to your active pharmaceutical ingredient, product type and development phase.
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